I scheduled a tax payment through Turbo tax, and now I can’t see anywhere online where the pending payment details are located.

[SteamTrain]

Not exactly...you may have set your e-file data to include the payment details...the IRS or the State actually do the payment debit.

Save a new copy of your tax return to a PDF file...dn look at the Federal and State Electronic Filing Instructions sheets....if a payment was arranged when you filed..it show the when/how/etc on those sheets (as shown below):

__________________________

______________________________

[jsetch]

Scheduled payment of taxes for April 14, 2023 by direct deposit/withdrawal , but the bank shows no transaction from IRS taking the payment from my account as of April 16.

[HeatherPLO]

if you file right before (or on) the busy April 18, 2023 deadline, the IRS may not be able to debit your payment until after the deadline due to high e-filing volume. Additionally, it can take your bank another few days to post the debit to your account.  For more details on this, please see our Help Article. 

@jsetch