When determining how much of your Social Security benefit is subject to taxation, the IRS only uses 0%, 50%, and 85%.
Here is how those percentages are determined and how the IRS handles the m...
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When determining how much of your Social Security benefit is subject to taxation, the IRS only uses 0%, 50%, and 85%.
Here is how those percentages are determined and how the IRS handles the math when a lump-sum payment is involved:
The IRS uses a specific formula called Combined Income to determine if you fall into the 0%, 50%, or 85% bucket.
Your Combined Income is: Your Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) + Nontaxable Interest + 50% of your total Social Security benefits for the year.
0% Taxable: If your Combined Income is under $25,000 (Single) or $32,000 (Married Filing Jointly), your benefits are completely tax-free.
Up to 50% Taxable: If your Combined Income is between $25,000–$34,000 (Single) or $32,000–$44,000 (Joint), up to 50% of your benefits become taxable.
Up to 85% Taxable: If your Combined Income is over $34,000 (Single) or $44,000 (Joint), up to 85% of your benefits become taxable.
The golden rule of Social Security is that the IRS can never tax more than 85% of your benefit, no matter how much money you make.
When you receive a lump-sum payment for back benefits it can artificially spike your Combined Income for the current year. This spike might unfairly push your benefits into the 85% taxable bracket, even though the money was meant for prior years when your income was lower. To fix this the IRS offers a special calculation method called the Lump-Sum Election.
Here is how the election works:
You do not amend your old tax returns. You still report the entire lump sum on your current year's tax return.
However, the IRS allows you to look backward. You take the portion of the lump sum that belonged to a prior year and apply the 0%, 50%, and 85% math to your income from that specific prior year.
If your income was lower back then, a larger portion of the lump sum might fall into the 0% or 50% tiers.
You calculate the taxable amount for each prior year, add those amounts together, and put that final total on your current year's tax return.
If this backward-looking math results in a lower taxable amount, you are allowed to use it. TurboTax will calculate both methods automatically and apply the one that saves you the most money.
It is important to remember that 50% and 85% are not the tax rates you pay. They represent the portion of your Social Security money that gets added to your taxable income. Once that money is added to your income, it is taxed at your normal ordinary income tax bracket (such as 10%, 12%, or 22%).