If you never physically worked in CO in 2018, you'll have to file a non-resident CO tax return, showing zero CO income, in order to receive a refund of the incorrectly withheld CO taxes.
You may have to print & mail the return; some states don't accept e-filing of returns showing zero income.
You've probably done this already, but advise your payroll office that you're no longer a CO resident, and no longer subject to CO withholding (as long as you never physically work in CO).
**Answers are correct to the best of my ability but do not constitute tax or legal advice.