If you qualified for the income-related exception prior to the new job and had coverage from your new employer, you do not have to pay a penalty. But, while you mention "Obamacare" it is not clear whether you did or did not have state or federal marketplace coverage at any time during the year. If you did, you would have received a 1095-A form listing insurance subsidies paid on your behalf. Those subsidies were based on a yearly income you estimated and if your estimate was too low, some of the subsidy is paid back at tax time. That is not a penalty, just a reconciliation of what the Premium Tax Credit amount worked out to be and what was prepaid to you in advance.
On the other hand, if you didn't have marketplace coverage, just go back into TurboTax, click on the Health Insurance tab, and follow the instructions. The third screen you come to has a checkbox on affordability.