If you are married, your spouse can not ever claim you as a dependent. Your filing choices will be Married Filing Jointly, which gives you a personal exemption (same as the dependent exemption) for each of you[and you can use that status even if you have no income], or Married Filing Separately. Married Filing Jointly is almost always the best filing status. How that would affect your student loan payment plan is a question for the student loan people, it is not a tax question.
The Married Filing Separately filing status is very different than the Single filing status. There are a number of severe restrictions on deductions and credits, and on the amount of IRA contributions that you can deduct, especially if you live together with your spouse.
You can not take the EIC,
You can not take the credit for Child and Dependent Care, in most cases,
You can not take the Education credits/deductions, and there are many other restrictions.
If either of you receive Social Security benefits and you live with your spouse, more of the SS benefit will be taxable, and the person receiving it will have to include the SS benefit in their gross income when determining whether they have to file. If one of you itemizes deductions, the other must also itemize even if they have nothing to itemize.
Before you decide, you should carefully read the restrictions that go with MFS in IRS Pub. 501, at this link:
http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p501.pdfYou should carefully read the limits on IRA deductions in IRS Pub. 590-A at this link:
http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p590a.pdfIn addition, if you live in a Community Property state, there are special rules you must follow for reporting income and expense. For further information on that, see IRS Pub. 555, at this link:
http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p555.pdfand/or the Turbotax FAQ at this link:
https://ttlc.intuit.com/questions/1901162-married-filing-separately-in-community-property-states
