there is no way to know if the IRS will ever get the check. it Is also possible the iRS has the check but hasn't opened the mailbag. Mail is lost perhaps use the iRS direct deposit website in the future. I suggest you wait a couple of weeks to see if it is cashed.
see the iRS website
https://www.irs.gov/faqs/irs-procedures/general-procedural-questions/general-procedural-questions-2
however, you may be subject to underestimation of tax penalties. because the payment will be late
your other option is to send another payment. this would reduce underpayment of estimated tax penalties but you need to place a stop payment on the first check. if you dn't and the eiRS doe sget it, you'll face having the amount withdrawn from your account twice