Your proof of payment is based on how you chose to have the taxes you owed paid. TurboTax does not pay any type of taxes for you.
If you chose to pay your taxes owed by check, then you should have used the payment voucher, Form 1040-V, and mailed the voucher with your check. The cancelled check is your proof of payment.
If you chose to pay your taxes owed by direct debit from your bank account, the bank routing and account numbers you entered are sent with your e-filed tax return. The IRS will debit your account if they accepted the e-filed tax return. Your proof of payment is your bank statement showing the payee and the amount paid.
If you chose to pay your taxes owed by credit card, the credit card statement showing the payee and the amount paid is your proof of payment.