Yes, but you will need to make the payment through the IRS website. If you selected check payment, then you can simply decline to send a check and make a credit card payment directly on the IRS website instead.
Note: You said check payment so I am assuming above you mean physical check - if you really scheduled a direct debit from your bank account, then the process is going to be different. Use the information below in this case.
Once the return is filed and accepted, you will have to call the IRS's payment services hotline to cancel any automatic payment you have scheduled. They advise to wait 7-10 days after your return was accepted before calling to give the system time to reflect your information.
"Call IRS e-file Payment Services 24/7 at 1-888-353-4537 to inquire about or cancel your payment, but please wait 7 to 10 days after your return was accepted before calling."
If you have any issues using the above number, you can also call the regular IRS number at 800.829.1040 to speak to a regular customer service representative.
After you have confirmed that your payment has been canceled, you can schedule or make another payment using the website below (if you aren’t able to make payment while on the phone when you canceled your payment)