After speaking with support I resolved this problem, I hope to save you the trouble.
After purchasing TurboTax Business 2022 (not Home and Business) from Amazon on 11/26/2022 I was provided a ZIP file download containing an EXE installer for Windows and a DMG for Mac. It turns out these installers are only for the personal products and will not accept the Business license key, rejecting it with an error 606.
Today when support told me that looked wrong I went back to my Amazon order and found they now have a different Windows-only download that successfully accepted my license key.