If you don't have a USA phone number, I'd first try leaving the Intuit Account phone number blank. If that doesn't work, there are a couple of anecdotal reports in another thread where some users temporarily used a trusted friend or relative's US phone number in the Intuit Account settings. It doesn't have to be actually verified, just has to be a valid US number. One said he also indicated there not to get text messages. I presume they removed the "borrowed" phone number from the Intuit Account after their efile had been accepted. If you do that, you SHOULD remove the borrowed phone number after filing, because it could be used to get back into your account.
A couple have said that after making changes to the phone in the Intuit Account settings they still had trouble until they logged out of TurboTax completely. Then close the browser and reopen it. Then log back in before trying to efile again. That must have reset something for them. So if you change the phone number, I'd do that. Even if you delete the Intuit Account phone number, I'd log out and close the browser before trying again.
Several foreign users shared their solutions and tips here in this thread if you scroll through it:
https://ttlc.intuit.com/community/taxes/discussion/re-my-federal-e-file-is-not-going-through-i-m-giv...