How to obtain refund for duplicate 2024 individual tax payment?

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What do you mean by "2024 individual tax payment"? Are you talking about a quarterly estimated tax payment for your 2024 tax that you mistakenly paid twice? If that's what you mean, you can enter the extra payment on your 2024 tax return when you file it after the end of the year. You can also skip the next quarterly payment so that the total that you pay for the year will be correct.

Or do you mean that you mistakenly paid the balance due on your 2023 tax return twice? If that's what you mean, the IRS will probably notice the duplicate payment and refund it to you without your having to do anything. If you don't hear from them after a couple of months, call the IRS and ask about it.