You are right, Energy tax credit is a non refundable credit. This means that it can reduce your tax liability to zero but, can’t get any excess credit amount as a payment to you on your tax return if you have more energy credit than your total tax.
Your federal tax liability amount is found on Form 1040 (line 24) and it is different than amount that you owe.
If total of your tax withholdings and payments is less than your tax liability, the unpaid difference is the tax you owe.
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