Your federal withholding is actually dependent upon the W-4 form you complete with your employer. Depending upon how you answered the questions there, that determines how much is withheld from your paycheck each time you are paid. It could be possible that just not enough was withheld in 2023.
To avoid this in the future, you might want to submit a new W-4 form with your employer to ensure you are having enough withheld to avoid taxes when you file in the future. The amount withheld is customized specifically to how you reply to items asked on this form. You can also use this W-4 Calculator to assist you.
As far as the tax rates and brackets, they do vary slightly from year to year. Please see this link for specific information as it relates specifically to your filing status and income level. It does include information for tax years between 2022-2025.
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