No, you would not be able to efile your return with Turbotax. Since you did not meet the Substantial Presence Test you were a nonresident alien (NRA). NRAs filea type 1040NR form which is not supported by Turbotax. Once you meet the Substantial Presence Test you would have other filing options for 2017 as well, but none of these can be efiled. Have a look at publication 519: https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p519.pdf
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