Are dual-status aliens choosing to be treated as US residents for the entire year eligible for standard deduction and earned income credit?

Yes, if you were granted green-card status during the year, you are treated as a citizen for the entire year. You will be eligible for the standard deduction as well as the EIC. Just remember, you must include all of your world-wide income earned in 2023 You also have FATCA and FBAR reporting requirements for 2023.

Thank you DaveF1006 for your answer, I appreciate it.

No, once the the green card status is attained, it is good for the calendar year and you will be able for the standard deduction and EIC. If you are claiming EIC for your dependents though, each much have a valid SSN for you to claim the credit..  If you are claiming EIC for yourself though, you will be able to claim the credit with no restrictions.

@QandA1 

Hi - thanks for this information. Is the same true for dual-status aliens who meet the substantial presence test for the year? I’m trying to help a humanitarian parolee family who arrived in April 2023. They were dual-status aliens in 2023.  Can they elect to be treated as resident aliens all year (despite having arrived in April 2023) and get the benefit of the 2033 standard deduction? This married couple made a total of $18,000.  I’m trying to figure out if they can get all the taxes they paid back, plus get the refundable Earned Income Credit, and child tax credit. Any help figuring that out would be appreciated!

Hi - thanks for this information. Is the same true for dual-status aliens who meet the substantial presence test for the year? I’m trying to help a humanitarian parolee family who arrived in April 2023. They were dual-status aliens in 2023.  Can they elect to be treated as resident aliens all year (despite having arrived in April 2023) and get the benefit of the 2023 standard deduction? This married couple made a total of $18,000.  I’m trying to figure out if they can get all the taxes they paid back, plus get the refundable Earned Income Credit, and child tax credit. Any help figuring that out would be appreciated!

Yes, if they arrived in April, they can be treated as a resident alien under the terms of the Substantial Presence Test because they were here for 183 days in 2023. They should be able to get all taxes back because their income does not exceed their filing threshold of $27,700.

Now my question is, do each member of the family have a valid Social Security Number, including the children? if not, they would not be eligible for the EIC or the child tax credit. An ITIN would not be valid to claim these credits.

Hi DaveF1006,

I did not find anyone asking this on the Internet, but I was curious about this situation.

Me and my spouse were nonresident aliens on F-1 status in 2023 till October 2, 2023, when we changed our status to H-1B and H-4 respectively. We can both claim the First-Year Choice to become resident aliens for tax purposes from October 2, 2023. However, to do this, we need to become resident aliens in 2024, which will happen somewhere in May, so we can both file form 4868 to postpone the federal tax filing deadline. It means that both of us can be dual-status aliens for 2023, right?

So, is it possible to claim Full-Year Resident status for both of us and file jointly? Conditions state that "You are married to a U.S. citizen or resident alien at the end of the year" and "You are a resident alien or U.S. citizen at the end of the year.", so can I treat my spouse (or vice versa) as a resident alien at the end of the year if we're dual-status aliens? 

Also, another question, my employer started to pay FICA taxes from October 2, 2023. If we become full-year residents in 2023, will both of us owe FICA taxes for the income that we have previously earned as non-residents?

Thank you so much! I would appreciate any advice!

Yes, you can file as dual citizens for 2023 because you made the first year choice and your residency begins Oct 2, 2023. The may file jointly with your spouse also. You may not file as full year residents however because you did not satisfy the terms of the Substantial Presence Test for 2023.

You will not be expected to repay FICA taxes during the time you were a non-resident alien.  You may also file form 4868, which gives you an extension to file your resident tax return, until you have satisfied the requirements of the Substantial Presence Test. 

Please read this document issued by the IRS regarding making the first year choice and this conditions that apply. Reach out to us if you have additional questions.

@NursultanBS 

[Edited 02/08/24|9:15 am PST]

Hi DaveF1006,

Thank you so much for your response!

I wonder if it's still possible to choose resident status for 2023, based on the information from the screenshot. If I and my wife will both become dual-status aliens for 2023 with the first year choice, do you think we can use this rule to claim resident status for the whole year? This rule mentions that if my spouse was also a nonresident at the beginning of the 2023 year but became a resident at the end, I can claim the resident status for the whole year. Do you think it implies that both of us with dual-status resident status who did not pass the substantial presence test in 2023, can be considered as residents for the whole 2023?

Yes, that would appear to apply to you based on the information you have provided above.  If both you and your spouse are choosing to be treated as Resident Aliens for the entire year, you can make that election by attaching a statement to your return signed by both you and your spouse declaring that you are both making the choice to be treated as US residents for the entire year and your name address and TIN or ITIN of both spouses.  

You will need to include both of your worldwide income for the entire year on your returns if you choose this status. 

US. Tax Guide for Aliens

Hi @Vanessa A , thank you for your response!

I wanted to double check my actions:

1. File form 4868 for both me and my spouse, to get an extension to file tax return.
2. Wait until we both pass substantial presence test for 2024 to be eligible for the first-year choice.
3. File joint resident tax return, including a statement that we:

a) Choose first-year choice (become dual-status aliens for a year)

b) Based on a), choose resident alien status for the whole 2023 year for both me and my spouse based on the rule from the screenshot.

Could you please confirm if this is correct?

Also, is it possible to add this statement when e-filing through TurboTax? Or should we file paper tax return with the statement?

Thank you so much!

Yes.  This would need to be filed by mail. Here are the complete procedures for filing the return. To complete this, you need to purchase a Turbo Tax Desktop program to complete step 4 in this return.

1. Determine your main tax return:
   • If you’re a nonresident alien who’s changed to a resident alien and are a U.S. resident on the last day of the tax year, Form 1040 is your main return. Include Form 1040-NR as an “informational statement” and be sure to write Dual-Status Return across the top of it.
   • If you’re a resident alien who gives up residence in the U.S. during the year and are not a U.S. resident on the last day of the tax year, Form 1040-NR is your main return . Write Dual-Status Return across the top of the return. Attach an “informational statement” to your return to show the income for the part of the year you’re a resident. You can use Form 1040 as the statement, but be sure to write Dual-Status Statement across the top.
2. Fill out your 1040-NR. Print it. You will need to prepare this in Sprint Tax because Turbo Tax does not prepare US 1040 returns.
3. Start filling out your 1040.
4. Open the 1040/1040SR Worksheet in Forms mode when you have completed the interview section of the 1040.
5. Scroll down to the Line 17z - Other Taxes Smart Worksheet on Schedule 2 Part II, Line 17(z) and enter the federal tax withheld from your 1040-NR.
6. Finish filling out your 1040. Choose to file by mail.
7. Print and sign your 1040. Write Dual-status return at the top of the form.
8. Mail your 1040 and 1040-NR together

If you aren’t enclosing a payment, mail your return and statement to: 

Department of the Treasury
Internal Revenue Service
Austin, TX 73301-0215

If you’re enclosing a payment, mail your return and statement to: 

Internal Revenue Service
P.O. Box 1303
Charlotte, NC 28201-1303

Hi Dave , 

I was on F-1 year 2023 till October 1st where I switched to H1B and since then I am paying FICA. What main form I should use Sprintax or Turbotax ?  should I use mainly Sprintax and fill also Turbotax? 

 This year 2024, I might receive green card and might not but I will become resident alien effectively on May 2nd 2024 ,  if I do not receive green card , can I still file 1040 Turbotax resident alien next year as I will be passing  substantial test at some point of year 2024 and still be eligible for standard deduction ? 

Note : I am a single filer.

It depends.  According to the IRS, you can file as a US resident for 2023 if you make the first year choice election. First of all, to qualify for the first-year choice.

1. Be present in the United States for at least 31 days in a row in the current year (2023), and
2. Be present in the United States for at least 75% of the number of days following the 31-day period, beginning with the first day of the 31-day period and ending with the last day of the current year (2023). (For purposes of this 75% requirement, you can treat up to 5 days of absence from the United States as days of presence in the United States.)

You must attach a statement to Form 1040 to make the first-year choice. The statement must contain your name and address and specify the following:

• That you are making the first-year choice for the current year (2023).
• That you were not a U.S. resident in the prior year (2022). (You were non-resident because of the F-1 exemption).
• That you qualified as a U.S. resident under the substantial presence test in the following year (2024).
• The number of days of presence in the U.S. during the current year (2023).
• The date or dates of your 31-day period of presence and the period of continuous presence in the U.S. during the current year (2023).
• The date or dates of absence from the U.S. during the current year (2023), if any, that you are treating as days of presence under the first-year choice – see (2), above.

You cannot file Form 1040 or the statement for the current year (2022) until you meet the substantial presence test in the following year (2023). If you have not met the test for the following year (2023) as of April 15 of 2023 (the filing due date of the current year), you can request an extension of time for filing your Form 1040 for the current year (2023) until a reasonable period after you have met that test for the following year (2023).  

If you make this first year election, you will need to print and mail the return along with a detailed statement. 

If you do not choose the first year choice, you would file a 1040 NR because you will not qualify for the Substantial Presence Test (SPT) because the days that were exempted on your F-1 visa do not count toward the SPT. You will need to file with Sprint Tax if you make this choice. You will qualify to file as a US resident in 2024 however because you will meet the requirements of the SPT.

First Year Choice

Thank you Dave , I was on H1B effective since October 1st 2023 which means I was paying FICA and I have not left US since then , if I opted for the first choice knowing that part of the year 2023  I was on F1 student visa , can I still claim the standard deduction and do not have to return the exclusions of FICA ? 

Does someone have to report the world wide income (FATCA) if they opted for the first choice even in the future if they left the US permanently ? 

Yes, if you opt for the first year choice, you will need to report your world wide income on your tax return. These are also subject to FBAR and FATCA filing requirements. 

You can also claim the standard deduction for the entire year. Also according to Tax Expert Karen J2 in her post, "Elections to be treated as a Resident do not affect being subject to FICA, so there would not any retroactive FICA owed.  You must become a Resident on your own to fall out of the FICA exemption.

So it should not affect your FICA."

@ahmad4343 

Yes. you would file normal in the situation you are stating. If everyone on the return has met the Green Card test, substantial presence test and everyone has their SSN valid for employment, then there would be no statements that needed to be attached to the return as you would all be considered US residents, so you would file your 1040 normal eligible for whichever credits and deductions, your income, marital status and dependents would allow you to take. 

Yes, you can make the first year choice to be a US resident but there a certain conditions that apply.

You must attach a statement to Form 1040 to make the first-year choice. The statement must contain your name and address and specify the following:

• That you are making the first-year choice for the current year (2023).
• That you were not a U.S. resident in the prior year (2022).
• That you qualified as a U.S. resident under the substantial presence test in the following year (2024).
• The number of days of presence in the U.S. during the current year (2023).
• The date or dates of your 31-day period of presence and the period of continuous presence in the U.S. during the current year (2023).
• The date or dates of absence from the U.S. during the current year (2023), if any, that you are treating as days of presence under the first-year choice – see (2), above.

You cannot file Form 1040 or the statement for the current year (2023) until you meet the substantial presence test in the following year (2024). If you have not met the test for the following year (2023) as of April 15 of 2023 (the filing due date of the current year), you can request an extension of time for filing your Form 1040 for the current year (2023) until a reasonable period after you have met that test for the following year (2024). 

To request an extension, when you file your return, go to Tax Tools then Tools from the left menu and choose File an extension. you must file the extension by April 15, 2024.

@QandA1 

Yes, they can make the first-year election as described above.