If your credit records do not show that your tax due was paid, then something went wrong--either you entered the wrong account number or there was some other error. TurboTax does not pull the payment--TT only passes along the information that you enter to pay your tax due.
https://ttlc.intuit.com/community/tax-payments/help/how-do-i-review-the-method-i-chose-to-pay-my-federal-income-tax-with-after-filing-with-turbotax/00/27416
You can pay your tax due directly by going to the IRS payment site:
https://www.irs.gov/payments
If your payment is late (and it is) you can expect a bill from the IRS for the late payment penalty and interest owed, calculated by the IRS based on when they receive your payment and how much you owed.