I replaced my central air conditioning and heating system in 2017, can I deduct this from my federal taxes?

hello - if ths was on your personal residence, no, consider energy credit - if this was on a rental you must depreciate

For personal residence only solar improvements apply for the current year: 

As of the 2017 tax year, the federal government offers two such credits: the Residential Energy Efficiency Property Credit and the Nonbusiness Energy Property Credit. The credits are good through 2016, except for the solar credits which are good through 2019 and then are reduced each year through the end of 2021

Please click the Energy Tax Credits FAQ updated for 2017.