I paid Federal Quarterly taxes but they do not appear to show up on my final tax return. Should I have gotten a quarterly payment receipt from the Federal Government?

Your receipt is the bank statement showing the payee and the amount paid.

To enter, edit or delete estimated taxes paid (Federal, State, Local) -

Click on Federal Taxes (Personal using Home and Business)
Click on Deductions and Credits
Click on I'll choose what I work on (if shown)
Scroll down to Estimates and Other Taxes Paid
On Estimates, click on the start or update button

Or enter estimates paid in the Search box located in the upper right of the online program screen. Click on Jump to estimates paid