I'm sending IRS a check for taxes owed with the payment voucher, do I need to include a copy of my tax return if it was filed electronically?

No.

You only need to mail the payment voucher, Form 1040-V, and your check, nothing else.

No.  Just the 1040V voucher slip.  Write your ssn 1040V 2022 on both the front and back of your check.