I have my return filed, but my tax due to the federal government hasn't been deducted from my bank account. Will I be charged a penalty since my due date was 17th May?

No, there seems to be some delay with the IRS withdrawing the funds. There will be no penalties or interest if the IRS failed to make the debit on time as long as the request was done correctly on a timely filed return.

Please see When will my tax payment go through? for additional information.

You check your Filing Instruction Page that you have entered the correct information:

1. In TurboTax Online, sign into your account.
2. Select Tax Home in the left menu.
3. Scroll down to Your tax returns & documents.
4. Select Add a State (you're not actually adding a state, this opens the return back up)
5. Select Tax Tools on the left and then Print Center and choose the print center