How can I file my taxes without a W-2 or paystubs?

You can get that information from the IRS by requesting a Free tax transcript.  Go to the IRS website:  Get your tax record  Click on Get Transcript Online.  There are multiple types of transcripts.  You want the "Wage and Income Transcript".  It won't look like your W-2, but it will have all the information you need to file your return.  If for some reason you can't get the transcript online, you can request it to be mailed to you.  In that case, be sure to file an extension on or before the April 15 filing deadline.  

@DavidD66 

When does the 2023 Wage and Income Transcript populate with data? I efiled on 03/04/2024 and this transcript is still empty (my return was RECEIVED but not PROCESSED). It seems like the transcript won't populate with data until the return gets processed which won't help the OP. 

Does the Wage and Income transcript populate with IRS data or data from the filer's return?

File an extension; those transcripts won't be updated before 04/15.   IRS - All transcript Types

• Wage and income transcript - shows data from information returns we receive such as Forms W-2, 1098, 1099, and 5498. The transcript is limited to approximately 85 income documents. If you have more documents than that, the transcript will not generate. You’ll receive a notification online stating that your transcript request could not be processed and to complete and submit Form 4506-T. If you see a message of “No Record of return filed” for the current tax year, it means information has not populated to the transcript yet. Check back in late May. This transcript is available for the current and nine prior tax years using Get Transcript Online or Form 4506-T.   @Pip_12_mn