You have to keep two windows (tabs) open so that you can see the email with the code and put it into the TT screen. That way it will not time out on you. If you close the tab with the code before you enter it, it will time out and you will just keep going through the same aggravation.
When you finally successfully e-file you will get two emails from TT.
When you e-file your federal return you will receive two emails from TurboTax. The first one will say that your return was submitted. The second email will tell you if your federal return was accepted or rejected. If you e-filed a state return, there will be a third email to tell you if the state accepted or rejected your state return.
First, check your e-file status to see if your return was accepted:
https://turbotax.intuit.com/tax-tools/efile-status-lookup/