Can I still pay estimated taxes due Jan. 15 based on last year's income & not get penalized when filing 2024 return, even though 2024 income is $1000s more than in 2023?

You have until January 15, 2025 to pay the 4th quarter 2024 estimated tax payment 

Go to this IRS payment website to make an estimated tax payment - https://www.irs.gov/payments

See this IRS website for information on the underpayment of the estimated tax penalty - https://www.irs.gov/payments/underpayment-of-estimated-tax-by-individuals-penalty