Can I e-file my California state return in TurboTax and then set up installment payment later with the tax board?

See https://www.ftb.ca.gov/pay/payment-plans/index.asp

TurboTax never knows how, when or even if you paid your tax due.   If it is asking you how you want to pay your tax due, just say you will mail a check.   Then set up your payment plan with the state and pay accordingly.