If in 2017, I paid over $3000 in back taxes for 2015. Will I be able to put this amount on my 2017 taxes? If yes, where?

No, federal income tax paid is never deductible on a federal return.However, if it were state income taxes, you would be able to deduct them. They would go on Sch A.

Thanks! What about the additional fees and penalties charged?

No, sorry.

No. But some States let you claim Federal taxes paid on the State return.

Federal income taxes owed and paid for a prior tax year are not reported on nor deductible on a federal tax return.