Are items purchased from charitable organizations such as the Salvation Army and Goodwill tax deductable?

No, they are not tax deductible unless they were bought for donation to another charity organization.  If purchased for personal use, no, they are not.

If a buy an item from goodwill that has been priced up (eg the original item was not worth as much as it is currently), is any amount tax deductible?

No it is not deductible.  You got something for the money you paid.

I always purchase building and construction materials from habitat before going to a HomeDepot or Lowes. Are these purchases standard deductions for the real estate business I manage/own or do they carry any greater value because they are purchased from a non profit?