paid NYS tax via Turbo Tax - but have no receipt or record of it and not showing in bank acct

If the payment was included as an ACH draft, your "signing papers" (IT-579, see a copy here) will show the bank information used to set up the payment.  It sometimes takes a few days for the payment to draft from the account, but, if the return was accepted with the correct bank information, will be considered timely once it does draft out from it.

Hello- I am not seeing that form anywhere. I don’t see it attached to my returns. Would it be elsewhere in my TurboTax account?

I am fairly certain I entered a debit card for the payment of taxes owed.

Included with your filed NYS tax return, you should have a Return Summary and/or Filing Inst (Page 1 of 1).    Look for these in your forms list and one or both of them will show you payment information.