I owe taxes this year for the first time, the money was set to be taken out today but it’s not showing yet that it has been taken out. Does it take a few days to show?

The IRS can take up to 10 business days to debit your account.  Regardless your payment date is on record so there are no issues on that part.

That would depend on your bank and if the IRS actually processed the payment today.  If you want to verify that the payment was made you can log into your IRS online account to see if it was made or contact the IRS.  For the IRS site, it can take several days to update and show that the payment was made.