If I have $100,000 in capital gains, then I lose ALL my money from a bad investment, do I still owe taxes on the $100,000 capital gains even though I have 'no money'?

All the capital gains and losses occurring in the same year will be applied against each other to determine the overall capital gain or loss for the year.

Losses on your investments are first used to offset capital gains of the same type. So short-term losses are first deducted from short-term gains, and long-term losses are deducted against long-term gains. 

Short-term is anything held less than one year.

See this link for more detail. 

https://turbotax.intuit.com/tax-tips/investments-and-taxes/capital-gains-and-losses/L7GF1ouP8

So how does this work if you are day trading and take a total loss and have closed all positions before Dec 1st.  I was reading about wash sales and I am worried I could owe on gains and will not get to claim losses on short term investments.  

As long as you don't rebuy the same stocks you sold within a 30 day window after you close your positions then the losses will not be suspended. 

wash sales won't matter. you say you had no open positions in December 2019. so it would not be possible to establish positions in January 2020 that would be within the 30 day window that would result in losses in 2019 being suspended. on wash sales the broker would add the disallowed loss to the cost/basis of the shares that created the wash sale so selling them and not reestablishing a position on them within 30 days would result in recognizing the total loss in 2019.