How can I use capital losses from last year that I didn't report in my 2022 tax return?

Amend 2022 first. If there is a carry-over you can use it in 2023.   https://ttlc.intuit.com/turbotax-support/en-us/help-article/tax-return/amend-change-correct-return-already-filed/L4VjJ9BA2_US_en_US?uid=lsput5v2

You can proceed with this years tax return, but you must adjust the capital loss carry forward for what you shoulda used last year. As others have said, the best way to make the adjustment is to  amend last year's return first.