A Qualified Business Income (QBI) loss comes from a loss from ownership in a business. It could be from self-emploment income or ownership in a partnership or S corporation. When you add a k-1 schedule or self-employment income in TurboTax, you will see an option to add your QBI loss carryforward from the previous year.
A qualified dividend is something else, that is a type of dividend paid from a corporation that gets favorable capital gain treatment.