Will I get a receipt mailed to me by the IRS when they receive my payment for taxes due?

No, IRS wont send any receipt for payment.  The charge on your card or the cancelled check are your receipt that the payment has been received by IRS.

I paid my federal taxes using a cashier check how do I know the IRS received it?

Check online ...  https://www.irs.gov/payments/view-your-tax-account

OR... Check with MO company to see if it cleared.

OR ...Be happy when you don't get a bill from the IRS.

@antross2018g Next time you mail anything at all to the IRS use a mailing service that tracks it like certified mail or UPS. Then you will know they received it.

FYI ... the IRS is a couple of months behind in opening their mail  so it may take a while for the payment to process.