When can I ammend my tax return for 2022? How long is the process?

Wait until your return is processed and your tax liability settled before amending. Amended returns can take more than 6 months to process. 

How do I know when my tax liability is settled when the tax amount I owe has already been withdrawn electronically from my bank account? When I am due a refund, the deposit into my account is my indication that my liability is settled and the IRS is finished with my return. How does that work when I owe since the amount is immediately withdrawn?

Since you already paid the balance due on the original return then you can do the amendment in a week or two when the amendment process becomes available.

Here's some info on Amending to help you.