does the letter explain what these penalties are for. they could be penalties for underpayment of estimated taxes which has nothing to do with payment of your balance due.
on the other hand, bad direct debit info would result in penalties. in addtion, your balance was due 4/15/2024 so if you paid after that date there are late payment penalties. if you did not file a timely extension there are also late filing penalties if filed after 4/15. there are certain exceptions for those in a federally declared disaster areas.
to provide more guidance we would need the wording in the notice or the form number. amounts are not needed.
your other option is to contact the IRS for an explanation. There may be a phone number to call in the notice.