You have to watch your own bank account. Your proof that you paid your tax due will be your own bank statement. The IRS does not send you any sort of message to tell you that your return or your check was received. You can also check your transcript on the IRS site or check your online account with the IRS.
You can get a free transcript of your return from the IRS:
https://www.irs.gov/individuals/get-transcript
https://www.irs.gov/payments/your-online-account