I filed an extension and entered my bank account information and payment amount. How do I know if it was paid?

Your payment verification will be the draft from your bank account.

Clearly. However, that did not answer my question. I received no confirmation from Turbo Tax that it was paid, so I need to know if it was paid today so that I can pay it through another method if the Turbo Tax payment did not go through.

TurboTax does not pay it, they transmit the banking information to the IRS and they initiate a bank draft. So if you correctly entered your banking information and your extension was accepted by the IRS it will be drafted.