Do I look on line 16 of the 1040 form for 2023 to find out how much taxes I paid that year

Yes, Line 16 of Form 1040 represents your tax liability based on your income.  Line 24 represents your total tax after non-refundable credits have been subtracted and other taxes been added.

You didn't mention the exact context in which you are asking the question.  What screen are you working on?   Are you working on an underpayment penalty, and is it asking for "2023 tax liability for Form 2210 purposes?"

Or is it something else?