No. An e-file that was rejected was not transmitted to the IRS. The IRS did not get the direct debit information you entered on your return, if that is how you were trying to pay your tax due. If you have decided to mail your return instead of fixing it to e-file, then you need to pay the IRS by either mailing a check or money order with the 1040V voucher, or by paying on the IRS payment site.
https://ttlc.intuit.com/community/tax-payments/help/how-can-i-pay-my-federal-taxes/00/26212
And....to be clear......TurboTax never processes the payment you make to the IRS. Only the IRS receives and processes your payment. TT only passes your information along to the IRS. It is up to the IRS to process your payment. TurboTax never knows whether your payment has been received or processed by the IRS, and will always show that you have a "tax due" amount in your online account. You have to watch your own credit or bank account, which is your only proof that you paid the IRS.