If you were covered by an employer plan for part of the year, you are usually considered to be covered for the whole year even if you left the company.
The IRS says: "Generally, you are covered by a defined contribution plan for a tax year if amounts are contributed or allocated to your account for the plan year that ends with or within that tax year."
See Are you covered by an employer plan?
How about a SEP?
Self-Employed persons can set up and contribute to a tax deductible Simplified Employee Pension Plan (SEP) as late as the due date (including extensions) of your business income tax return for the year you want to establish the plan.
For more info: Simplified Employee Pension Plan (SEP)
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