You will report dividends on your U.S. tax return as normal. This is how the U.S. will get its share of tax. However, by claiming a foreign tax credit, you’ll effectively only pay tax to the U.S. on the portion of U.S. tax that is higher than the German tax, if that’s the case.
If you kept your investments in a U.S. financial institution, you will receive a Form 1099-DIV. If you moved your money to a German financial house, report the amounts in USD as if you received a 1099-DIV.
See How to report foreign income and dividends.
I believe the treaty provisions you refer to deal with withholding, not actual tax paid.
See Germany - Tax Treaty Documents
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