No, TurboTax did not 'technically' pay the taxes owed for you. When you selected a direct debit from your bank for federal taxes owed, you entered the bank routing and account number for the direct deposit. That bank information was sent with your tax return to the IRS. The IRS debited your account.
Go to the IRS get my payment website to enter your direct deposit information - https://www.irs.gov/coronavirus/get-my-payment
