Where are you checking for the filed tax return?
The IRS website for checking the status of a federal tax refund is Only for refunds - https://www.irs.gov/refunds
The IRS website for a federal tax transcript will only be available if the IRS has processed your tax return - https://www.irs.gov/individuals/get-transcript
Due to the pandemic and the limited staffing at the IRS millions of tax returns have yet to be processed. Your check being cashed for the taxes owed indicates the IRS received your tax return so there will be no late payment penalty.
