Sorry No. At least not federal back taxes paid. You can deduct any state taxes paid (for any year) or state estimates actually paid in during the year on your federal return if you itemize deductions. But just the tax, not any interest or penalties.
Enter it under
Federal Taxes (or Personal for H&B/Self Employed version)
Deductions and Credits
Then scroll way down to Estimates and Other Taxes Paid
Other Income Taxes - Click the Start or Update button
Next page scroll way down to the last section, Other Income Taxes Paid
