It is not possible to pay a federal tax due from a state refund. The federal and state treasuries are completely separate from each other. You may have seen a TurboTax summary of your federal and state amounts that confused you into thinking one was “paying” the other. It is not. So if you had federal tax due and did not pay the full amount shown on line 37 of your federal Form 1040, that explains the bill you received.
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