Have you scrolled through and read the reports from foreign filers about their solutions in this other thread linked below?
https://ttlc.intuit.com/community/taxes/discussion/re-my-federal-e-file-is-not-going-through-i-m-giv...
Some in that thread have had success removing the number from the Intuit Account, although some like you continued to get the error. Some have temporarily used a trusted friend's or relative's USA domestic number in the Intuit Account Settings. According to TurboTax and to some user reports in that thread, you do not have to verify the number; i.e., you do not have to tick the box to send an SMS. In other words, while the number in the Intuit Account must be a valid verifiable US domestic number, you don't actually have to verify it. I guess it can somehow tell what is a valid USA number. Then after the efiling, they removed the temporary phone number from the Intuit Account.
If still unsuccessful, post in that thread, explain what all you've tried, and one of them might suggest something.
Here is the phone number for TurboTax Support on Monday. Be aware it likely won't be toll-free when calling it from overseas, so charges can add up in you are on-hold. 1-800-4INTUIT (1-800-446-8848.)
Support hours are 5AM-5PM Pacific (8AM-8PM Eastern), Mon-Fri
FAQ: What is the TurboTax phone number?
https://ttlc.intuit.com/community/using-turbotax/help/what-is-the-turbotax-phone-number/00/25632
Or use this contact form to be assigned an incident number and specific phone number.
If you use this form, for the issue just say something like 601ERRV5 SMS Error prevents efiling from foreign country without quotes.
https://support.turbotax.intuit.com/contact
