If you are filing as a resident, yes, you can take the standard deduction.
Your issue with filing as a resident based on planning to return in Sept of 2024, is that if something would happen that you would not return to the US, then you would not be present in the US for any part of 2024.
You could always file an extension which allows you to wait until October 15th to file your return. This way, if you are back in the US by September, you will know for sure you are here and could file your 2023 return.
When you enter your foriegn income, you will enter it in the foreign income section of TurboTax which is under Other Common Income.
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