If you are under HDHP coverage this year (or will be soon), then the easiest thing is to treat the carryover like a personal contribution in the current year, i.e., the year to which the excess has been carried over.
This means that you may need to reduce the amount you were planning to contribute this year, or else you just create a new excess.
If you can do this, then the carryover is "used up" in the current year, and there will be no more carryovers or 6% penalty.
If, however, you are no longer under HDHP coverage or have gone on Medicare so that you will never be able to contribute to an HSA in the future, you either live with the 6% penalty every year or you make a distribution, not for medical expenses, so that this distribution is taxes as Other Income and you are hit with a 20% penalty.
Which you choose depends on your situation - do you have any expectation of being able to contribute to an HSA again, and how much do you have in the HSA?
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