Yes, your understanding is correct. Generally, the 10% additional tax applies to retirement distributions made before you reach 59 1/2 years old.
But since you mention that your retirement is from a foreign country, there could be a treaty in place that might also affect the general rule. The IRS has provided information here to assist depending upon the type of retirement income received.
In general, if you cannot find an exception to the 10% additional tax, it would be better to wait to avoid this tax. However, in this situation, it sounds like you have already made the distribution. At this point, you cannot go back and change your mind unless you're able to roll over the funds within 60 days to another eligible retirement plan.
IRS Topic 413, Rollovers from retirement plans
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