Yes, you can still request another withdrawal of 2023 excess Roth contributions plus earnings before October 15, 2024 and file an amended 2023 return. No, there shouldn't be any penalties as a result of doing this.
Yes, if you find out you cannot apply the excess contribution as a 2024 contribution then you can leave the earnings in the Roth IRA and will only request a regular distribution. The excess has to be removed by December 31, 2024 to avoid the 6% penalty on your 2024 return.
To return the excess contribution for 2024 you will request the withdrawal of excess contribution plus earnings by the due date of the 2024 return. Yes, it makes sense to make this request sooner than later if you want to avoid paying taxes on a large amount of earnings.
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