Since the custodian did what you asked, even though it wasn't what you intended, it's extremely doubtful that they would change the Form 1099-R. In that case your only option to treat it as a recharacterization would be to treat the Form 1099-R as incorrect and file a substitute Form 1099-R (Form 4852) to claim to the IRS that the one issued by the custodian is erroneous. Whether or not the IRS would agree with this claim is unknown.
